What Affects Battery Life
Description
The battery is the key part in the all storage system,the battery life related to the using cost and experience,from the EV and consumer electronics,so the it is very important,let’s see what kind of factors will affect the battery life.
1.Battery life unit
1.1 Cycle Life
Cycle life means when we charge a battery to be full,then discharge it to be empty,this is a full cycle,usually we consider 80% DOD as a full cycle,for example,the battery cycle life is 1000 cycles,when we done this 1000 cycles with battery,the performance will be lower a lot like capacity,and usable energy.
1.2 Span Life
Calendar lifespan means the period of time during battery from production until it becomes unusable,even when stored in a static state,the internal chemical substances of the battery will slowly react,leading to a decrease in performance and a shortened calendar lifespan.
2.The Internal Affecting Factors
2.1 Differences in battery chemical systems
Different battery type has the different chemical material inside,the life of material is also different,like Lithium Battery we have NCM and Lifepo4,NCM battery has the better energy dencity,but lower cycle life than Lifepo4 battery.
2.2 The role of electrode materials and structures
Electrode active materials are the key of electrochemical reactions,and oxidation reduction reactions occur continuously during charging and discharging,if the crystal structure is unstable,it is prone to lattice distortion and particle breakage after multiple reactions,for example,graphite materials used as negative electrodes in Lithium ion battery,it has a layered structure that is damaged by frequent charging and discharging due to poor processing,which hinders the insertion and extraction of lithium ion,then reduce the battery capacity.
2.3 The influence of current collectors
Current collectors take to conduct current,connect active material and out circuit,in high temperature and high humidity environments,copper and aluminum current collectors are prone to corrosion,increasing resistance and reducing current conduction efficiency,which can significantly reduce life in the long run.
3.The Importance of electrolyte
Electrolyte conduct the ions inside of battery,the composition and properties will affect it,during the charge and discharge process,the electrolyte decomposes to produce gases and by-products, which deposit on the electrode surface to form a passivation film,hindering ion transport,increasing internal resistance,reducing charge and discharge efficiency,under high temperature and high voltage,the chemical stability of the electrolyte deteriorates,decomposition accelerates,and reduce battery performance.
4.Working Environment Affect
4.1 Temp
High Temp will accelerate internal chemical reactions,electrolyte decomposition and electrode material aging,it will reduce battery capacity fastly,and low temp will increas the internal resistance to reduce charge and discharge performance,also reduce the cycle life,the suitable working temp is usually 0-40 ℃ or -20℃-40℃.
4.2 Humidity
In high humidity environments,the battery casing and electrodes are prone to corrosion,and moisture infiltration can react with the electrolyte,disrupting chemical balance,reduce battery performance and lifespan,it has more significant impact on battery with bad sealing.
5.Battery Management System Affect
5.1 The Battery Management System
It is to prevent the over charge and discharg for battery,over charge will cause electrolyte decomposition,structural damage to electrode materials,reduce lifespan,and even safety accidents,over discharge will cause battery irreversible loss of active substances,an excellent BMS can accurately monitor parameters such as voltage and current in real time,quickly cut off the circuit when approaching the threshold,and protect the battery all the time.
5.2 Balanced management function
Due to differences in manufacturing processes and other factors,individual cells in the battery pack may have inconsistent usage status over a long period of time,BMS adjusts the charging and discharging of individual batteries to make their states more consistent,avoiding premature damage caused by excessive charging and discharging and extending the service life of the battery pack.
6.The affect of application and usage habits
6.1 EV Application
The rapid acceleration,braking,and other operations of electric vehicles cause the battery to withstand high current shocks for a short period of time,accelerating aging,long term parking without maintenance or maintaining will also reduce cycle life.
6.2 Portable power station or energy storage system
Using the unsuitable charger or frequently charge and discharge will reduce the battery cycle life as well.
7.Conclusion
The battery life is affected by various internal and external factors,to extend the lifespan,suitable chemical systems and high-quality materials should be selected during design and manufacturing,and the electrode structure and electrolyte formula should be optimized;reasonably control charging and discharging during use,avoid extreme environments,utilize BMS protection and balancing functions,and cultivate good usage habits.by comprehensively controlling these factors,the performance and lifespan can be significantly improved,equipment usage costs can be reduced,and sustainable energy applications and green development can be promoted.